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-고

-go

One thread, many beads: the ending -고

The picture Beads going onto a single thread, one after another. The thread never breaks. -고 threads two beads side by side, while -아서/어서 glues the first so it flows into the second — 손 씻고 먹어 is just order, but 늦어서 죄송해요 is a reason flowing on.

Endings and forms

Where the picture shows up in -고

  1. two beads side by side

    저는 김치찌개 먹고 친구는 냉면 먹었어요.

    jeo-neun gim-chi-jji-gae meok-go chin-gu-neun naeng-myeon meo-geo-sseo-yo

    I had kimchi stew and my friend had cold noodles.

    A bowl of kimchi stew and a bowl of cold noodles sitting side by side on the same table.

  2. beads in order

    손 씻고 밥 먹어.

    son ssit-go bap meo-geo

    Wash your hands, then eat.

    Hands still wet from the tap reaching straight for the spoon — one motion running into the next.

  3. qualities on one thread

    이 방은 넓고 조용해요.

    i bang-eun neol-go jo-yong-hae-yo

    This room is spacious and quiet.

    A wide, bare room with sunlight across the floor and not a sound in it.

  4. still on you

    코트를 입고 나갔어요.

    ko-teu-reul ip-go na-ga-sseo-yo

    I went out with my coat on.

    Walking out the front door with the coat buttoned up; it stays on the whole way.

    입고 나갔다 means leaving while wearing the coat, not putting it on and then taking it off.

  5. the thread keeps running

    지금 회의하고 있어요.

    ji-geum hoe-ui-ha-go i-sseo-yo

    I'm in a meeting right now.

    People still around the meeting table, voices going back and forth right now.

    -고 있다 is the progressive. Don't confuse it with -어 있다 (앉아 있다, to be seated).

All of it in one picture

-고 is a single thread. Hang two bowls on it side by side and you are listing; hang washed hands and a spoon in order and you are sequencing; hang 'wide' and 'quiet' on the same stretch and you are stacking qualities. Let the thread drag a coat out the door and it becomes 'with it still on'; leave the thread on a meeting unbroken and it becomes 'happening right now'. So whatever -고 attaches to does not finish and disappear — it keeps hanging on the thread until the sentence ends.

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