한테/에게
hante/ege
Every arrow points at a person: 한테 and 에게
The picture An arrow flying toward a person and landing in their hand. 한테 is the person the arrow lands on; 한테서 is the person it flew away from.
Where the picture shows up in 한테/에게
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the person it lands on
친구한테 전화했어요.
chin-gu-han-te jeon-hwa-hae-sseo-yo
I called my friend.
A voice leaving the phone in your hand and flying like an arrow into your friend's ear.
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the hand it passes to
부장님에게 보고서를 보냈습니다.
bu-jang-nim-e-ge bo-go-seo-reul bo-naet-seum-ni-da
I sent the report to my manager.
A sheet of paper leaving your hands and coming to rest on your manager's desk.
에게 belongs to writing and formal speech, 한테 to everyday talk. Same meaning.
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the arrow coming back
동생한테 선물을 받았어요.
dong-saeng-han-te seon-mu-reul ba-da-sseo-yo
I got a present from my younger sibling.
A box crossing from your sibling's hands into your arms.
To make the source explicit, say 동생한테서 / 에게서.
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whoever shot the arrow
개한테 물렸어요.
gae-han-te mul-lyeo-sseo-yo
A dog bit me.
Teeth coming out of a dog's mouth and sinking into your leg.
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the person a feeling is aimed at
저한테 왜 그러세요?
jeo-han-te wae geu-reo-se-yo
Why are you doing this to me?
Someone's hardened face turning into an arrow and flying straight at yours.
All of it in one picture
The call lands in your friend's ear, the report lands on your manager's desk, the present crosses from your sibling's hands into yours. The dog's bite and the sharp words aimed at you are the same picture: something leaves one place and strikes a person. That is all 한테/에게 does — it marks the target the arrow hits. Whether it is given, received, or inflicted is the verb's business; the particle only points at the person.